It's almost always the last topic in the first semester of introductory physics—angular momentum. Best for last, or something? I've used this concept to describe everything from fidget spinners to ...

Figure 1: The wave front (top) and the intensity pattern (bottom) of the simplest Laguerre–gaussian (LG l p) or ‘doughnut’ mode. The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

This course introduces the quantum mechanical concept of angular momentum operator and its relationship with rotation operator. It then presents the angular momentum operators, their eigenvalues and ...